One process theory of motivation Essay

Motivation is great part of today’s management. However, â€Å"most organizations don’t give it much thought until something starts to go wrong. Pain gets people’s attention.† _(Sanjeev Sharma)_ Therefore it is important to motivate because motivation is force behind all human actions _(Sanjeev Sharma)_. Manager must be able to realize and fulfil the most urgent needs of employees as well as other needs to keep than satisfied, free from stress, and highly motivated. Satisfied and motivated employees are value because they will be less likely to quit the job therefore reducing staff turnover and cost of employee training as they will have gained all the necessary skills and experience, so their performance will be good, therefore companies overall performance can rise as well. This essay is focused on the exploration and comparison of Alderfer’s and Adams’ theories. It seeks the answers to what makes them fall in different category and yet what are the similarities between them and, furthermore, how they can be used together to achieve greater efficiency and to leave less for the chance of error or uncertainty when motivating the employee. Many people have studied needs and ways of motivating the employees. Theories on this subject can be very different and are divided into two categories – content and process theories. Content theories stress that every one of us has same set of needs, which must be satisfied. One of the first and most influential content theories is Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs (1954). This theory states that human needs are formed similar to pyramid with 5 levels, where bottom level must be completed to move to the next level. Five levels are: 1. Psychological (food, shelter, clothe), 2. Security needs, 3. Social needs, 4. Self-esteem (recognition and self-belief), 5. self-actualization (develop one’s full potential). (R. Fincham, P Rhodes, 2005 p.195) One similar to Maslow’s is ERG (Existence, Relatedness, and Growth) theory  developed by Alderfer (1972). Alderfer’s theory says that everybody has 3 sets of needs. Existence, which includes food, shelter, clothes, need to feel safe and similar (Maslow’s 1st and 2nd levels). Relatedness – social activities, family, friendly working environment, etc (Maslow’s 3rd and 4th levels). Growth – recognition from supervisors and managers, occasional bonuses or rise in salary, promotion, etc (Maslow’s 4th and 5th levels). Although it looks like the Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs with less and more compact sets of needs, there is one important difference – there is no order specified in which these needs must be satisfied. _(Fincham, Rhodes, 2005)_ However, as Kotler et al 2005, points out if one has unsatisfied need, one will try to find something that satisfies it or tries to get rid of the need. This relates to the Frustration – Regression principle in Alderfer’s theory while when the need has been satisfied it also is strengthen ed (as illustrated in chart below) _(12manage.com_). However, with the passage of time and possible changes in lifestyle or other circumstances can force one to come back to needs that have been satisfied in past and set new, more demanding needs to meet the needs of current situation. Companies has limited influence on Existence set of needs, other than providing rates of pay which enables worker to pay all the bills and supply family with enough food, and still have some extra spending money left (there are cases where ‘worker villages’ have been built in order to provide workers with accommodation and everything necessary, as to provide for existence needs and ultimately have some control of workers lives as well). However, there are many possible ways of satisfying Relatedness and Growth sets of needs. Relatedness could be satisfied by ensuring friendly and open working conditions, possibly non-work related social activities with co-workers, extra holidays to spend with families. Growth is arguably the most important and the most work related one. Growth is almost entirely dependant on supervisors, as for example rise and promotion. Also praise and recognition from supervisor will be much more effective than ones from co-workers, although being rec ognized as unofficial leader by co-workers is strongly motivating and satisfying. Process theories however, admit that we all are different and therefore have different needs. Further more they focus on way employees see themselves in the company, the way they are treated in respect of the other employees in regard of their effort and performance. Adams’ Equity theory explores inputs and outputs of a worker and tries to set the balance between them. Inputs represent the effort and performance worker puts in his job like dedication, long hours, high efficiency and outputs on the other hand, represent all he wants to receive for that like recognition from supervisors in form of praise or rise in salary, promotion, bonuses and similar. Adams stresses that keeping balance between inputs and outputs is very important as in case of imbalance worker can loose self-esteem, motivation or come under pressure to perform better, therefore coming under stress, which will inevitably lead to fall in performance. Although feeling of being overpaid is not widely studied it is believed that the negative effect of the feeling wears of shortly and has little effect on the worker, _(SIOP)_ however has impact on other workers who might feel underpaid or undervalued. Therefore, all extra inputs must be balanced with extra outputs. Nevertheless one must not forget that first of all employees will compare themselves to co-workers. If one employee will have high rewards, for example have a rise, than others will look for justification for that. In case that none is found others will feel neglected therefore their performance will drop or they will ask for the rise, or encourage other (the one who receives higher rewards) to work harder, or convince themselves that they are not worth the higher reward _(SIOP)._ Some of these outcomes are potentially mentally dangerous therefore create stress in the workplace or even worse crate tension between workforce which can lead to different unwanted outcomes even such as strikes out violence outbursts. This inevitably means that overall performance of the company will drop. _(Fincham, Rhodes, 2005)_ The main difference between these theories lies in the fact that Alderfer’s one focuses on satisfaction of needs whereas Adams’ one focuses on creating good and balanced relationship between inputs and outputs of the worker and more importantly good relationship and equality between co-workers, and fairness from the supervisor. It is not specified in Alderfer’s theory  exactly how to determine when is the best time to motivate the employee nor why, while on the other hand Adams’ theory is more concerned about when and why to motivate the employee. This shows clearly that these two theories are completely different in their basis. Furthermore part of Alderfer’s theory is Frustration – Regression principle in which an unsatisfied need is being regressed and made up by satisfying more other needs. In some respects similarly with Adams’ theory – if balance is unfair than employees will feel discomfort. Both of these will take empl oyees mind of the duties of work which will lead in fall of performance. Alderfer’s and Adams’ theories both point out the need of balance between things, however each theory puts stress on different things. Alderfer suggests that needs of employee must be equally satisfied between each of the three sets, therefore no need are neglected. However, as mentioned before, a need can be neglected if it has been recently satisfied. On the other hand if one need or set of needs is recently satisfied, it stands above others in level of satisfaction, which therefore makes it reasonable for it to be neglected until other needs reach same level of satisfaction. This process can take up some time and does not require immediate levelling of scales, however Adams’ scales should be levelled at all times. Longer the process of the levelling takes, longer the employees feel the discomfort of injustice which will inevitably lead to employee’s satisfaction or motivation dropping or level of stress rising. In fact Alderfer’s theory could easily become a part of Adams’ theory as a way of determining outputs, for example friendly relationships in workplace is part of Relatedness set of needs and output, which management has provided. Alderfer does not relate to inputs in his theory. This fact makes Adams’ theory more sophisticated and better suited for understanding when and why employee should be awarded. Because if manager is looking to improve worker motivation and job satisfaction he/she can see on one scale the inputs worker has done from where in comparison to co-workers inputs and outputs an appropriate output can be made. However in order to do the comparison of employee’s past and co-worker present performances, they have to be constantly monitored and records kept of the of the information. Using  Alderfer’s theory, however, requires manager to understand employee’s needs and situation to see which needs must be satisfied and what wou ld be the best way to satisfy the need, therefore bringing greater understanding of how and why to award or motivate employee. Adams’s theory is good theory to be using for large companies with many users which all have to be motivated. With help of large and detailed database of workers and their inputs, such as working time, are they late for work or not, their performance, etc and outputs their wages, ways of recognition, etc one can compare workers. Special program can be easily made and adjusted to record and analyse data for independent, non favouring, information on workers which would help to make decisions on their extra outputs. On the other hand Alderfer’s theory would more go for managerial level or smaller companies as it requires in-depth understanding of employee and his situation. If one would put these two theories together the outcome could be a theory in which workers activity is constantly monitored and recorded for purposes of comparison with previous performance and performance of co-workers, therefore, determining the inputs as by Adams’ theory. However, the outputs would be determined according to the needs specified in Alderfer’s theory. Alderfer’s theory could also be substituted, for example, by Hertzberg’s two-factor theory. Although content and process theories are different in their basis, they both work for the same goal and in times can be combined or as in this case content theory can be a part of process theory to explain it more fully and efficiently or just to bring the highest level of efficiency. However, besides the fact Alderfer’s theory can be used to compliment the Adams’ theory, one must not forget that most important part of Adams’ theory is far from just motivating the employee but is based on equality among workers and their inputs/outputs, because too much outputs can produce feeling of overpayment therefore creating stress for employee as he/she tries to increase inputs to level the scales. â€Å"Alderfer’s theory explores which need to satisfy and how while Adams’ theory explores when and why to satisfy the  need.† Previous sentence is very good way of explaining the difference between two theories and seeing that in order for each theory t o work in best way possible – both theories must work together. REFERENCES Books: P. Kotler, V. Wong, J. Saunders, G. Armstrong, _Principles of Marketing,_ (2005 4th European Edition) p. 8, published by Pearson Education Ltd, Harlow, England R. Fincham, P. Rhodes, _Principles of Organizational Behaviour,_ (2005, 4th Edition) Published by Oxford University Press, New York, United States Online: Sanjeev Sharma, A right way to motivate an employee, is to win his heart!!! [online] url:http://www.bpoindia.org/research/win-heart.shtml Accessed: 24/11/05 12manage.com _ERG Theory (Alderfer)_[online] url:http://www.12manage.com/methods_alderfer_erg_theory.html Accessed:24/11/05 Society for Industrial and Organizational Psychology inc. (SIOP), _Justice lecture notes 4,_[online] url: http://siop.org/Instruct/Justice/Justice%20Lecture%20Notes%204.doc Accessed: 26/11/05

Computer Games Essay

Computer games have been more popular in recent years, particularly with children. Some people think that video games only bring a great number of disadvantages to the users, while the others perceive them as a harmless form of enjoyment as well as a wonderful tool to educate their offspring. In this essay, I would advocate the view that the benefits of playing games outweigh its drawbacks. To begin with the detrimental effects, the most common reason to underrate computer simulation games is that it takes too much time of the users to sit in front of the screen rather than playing sports or doing some cultural activities with their beloved ones. On average, the people who play games too frequently tend to lead to a sedentary lifestyle and pose social problems. For instance, I have a boy friend in my class. He always want to talk about games, the way to win and how to pass one level in games. With me, I do not like that because I also play games enough to do the different social activities. He spends almost time to stay at home and play games. I tried to advise him to give up that habit but not effect. His healthy is bring down day by day and his parent must take him into reformatory. Additionally, this kind of game is dead easy for games to be addicted to since throughout the game process. They are given many scores, awards and continuously perform the new which can make them far more exciting and engaging than their everyday activities. Subsequently, a video game addict always gets entangled with the thoughts about the games and can not concentrate on doing something in a serious way. On the other hand, this type of game also provides numerous priceless advantages. While playing games, the brain of the users must brainstorm and train some significant skills such as imagination, predictability, even leadership in virtually strategy games, which we could not taught outside the gaming context though. Moreover, some cooperative games ( namely Defend of the Ancients, League of Legends,etc ) might be a novel way to bring people together as well as teaching us how to do a good teamwork. For this reason, a new sport named E-sport ( Electronic Sport ) which contains some competitions of the worldwide – renowned games mentioned above, appeared and has became famous all over the world. Your task is thinking about the best way to play games, choose one is suitable with your age, your mind. Everybody in all age can play game because we have a big variety system of game. Remember finding the usage in game is the most important fact when you play games. Please avoid the â€Å"black games† which do not have any benefit for you. In conclusion, I hold firmly to the notion that although playing video games has both pros cons, its potential dangers are outweighed by its profits. Eventually, you be a smart player who can stand to much benefits from games but still allocate your time effectively.

Assignment Strategic Plan Update Essay

Resources: Kudler’s Fine Foods within the Virtual Organizations Begin updating the 2003 strategic plan for Kudler Fine Foods or your ownorganization, with approval from your instructor. The link to the Kudler FineFoods organization may be found on your student Web site. Write a 350-word APA formatted draft of part of the strategic plan, including arevised organizational mission, vision, and values statements. Format your paper according to APA standards. General Questions – General General Questions STR 581 Week 1-6 Everything Included (All Assignments, All DQ’s) + 6 sets of Finals Version 4 Strategic Planning Implementation If you are unsure about which major to choose, use your first two years of college to take a wide variety of courses in addition to your core courses. You may find yourself interested in things you might otherwise never have considered. An eclectic course of study gives you greater insight into possible career choices. This document includes STR 581 Week 3 Assignment Strategic Plan Update Resources: Kudler’s Fine Foods within the Virtual Organizations Begin updating the 2003 strategic plan for Kudler Fine Foods or your ownorganization, with approval from your instructor. The link to the Kudler FineFoods organization may be found on your student Web site. Write a 350-word APA formatted draft of part of the strategic plan, including arevised organizational mission, vision, and values statements. Format your paper according to APA standards. General Questions – General General Questions STR 581 Week 1-6 Everything Included (All Assignments, All DQ’s) + 6 sets of Finals Version 4 Strategic Planning Implementation If you are unsure about which major to choose†¦ For downloading more tutorials visit – https://bitly.com/1wyRWoJ If you are unsure about which major to choose, use your first two years of college to take a wide variety of courses in addition to your core courses. You may find yourself interested in things you might otherwise never have considered. An eclectic course of study gives you greater insight into possible career choices. General Questions – General General Questions

Proposal Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 2

Proposal - Assignment Example IT has changed the outlook on music genres such as pop as artists can use different interesting sounds to compose their music. The industry has also created jobs for music producers and sound engineers due to the use of IT (Wiechmann 7-9). Websites create easy access to music from artists all over the world. The artists use the websites to interact with the consumers. Websites also impact the industry by allowing the community to download music from the site either at a fee or free. Two decades ago, one would have to visit and purchase a CD of newly released music from a well music store. With the advent of IT, people can now access the music by downloading it from various websites. People access the music in their PC’s and phones which contributes to the growth of the industry. Examples of such websites include mp3 skull, Myspace and YouTube (Wiechmann 8-9). Using technology, it has created a simple and democratic platform for sharing music. Due to its popularity, it has embraced almost everyone including 50 cent and Madonna. More than 10 million people use the company services due to its massive online presence. SoundCloud labs are creating more than 10000 applications for music production and consumer’s use (Viet

Economic Tiger Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Economic Tiger - Essay Example Singapore is one of the leading economies in the world and is one of the economic tigers experiencing rapid economic progress over the period of time. Though smaller in geographical size, Singapore is considered as one of the leading economic hubs in international economy. One of the essential characteristics of the growth rates achieved by Singapore was its highly skilled and educated labor force. (Tulshyan, 2010). It is also important to note that the Singapore, as against other countries in the block, developed itself also as a financial hub of the region rather than achieving the growth mainly through industrialization. The overall economic growth is attributed to the export led growth which is mostly controlled through the state owned institutions. (Medina, 1996). Export of chemicals, refined oil as well as electronics are the main source of revenue for the country. Though geographically Singapore may be at disadvantage owing to its overall size and proximity with other countrie s, however, Singapore has been able to achieve the economic growth through a mixture of economic liberalization and state controlled institutions which are supporting the economy and creating the required level of economic prosperity.

Passing or Defeating Legislation of your chosen bill Case Study

Passing or Defeating Legislation of your chosen bill - Case Study Example The initial step in the legislative procedure is the introduction of the bill in the legislative house by a representative or a senator. After the introduction, the bill is read to the whole house to create awareness of the bill, a process known as the first reading. The bill then undergoes the committee stage where the committee meets and considers the bill. The bill then undergoes the Floor Action where the entire House or the Senate receives the bill for the second reading. At this stage, the house gets the opportunity to debate the bill. If the bill has no amendments arising from the Floor Action stage, then it proceeds to the subsequent stage. In case of any problems, the bill goes back to the originating chamber for the amendments. The next stage is the governors stage where the governor receives the bill. The governor may sign the bill, veto it, or permit it to be a law devoid of the signature. Projected adjustments to the Texas Constitution are in the form of joint resolution s rather than of bills and needs a vote of two-thirds of the full house in every house for acceptance. The Higher Education Bill was under the House Committee on Higher Education (C290). The committee was under the leadership of the Rep. Dan Branch, and the vice-chairman was Rep. Diane Patrick. Other members included Rep. Roberto Alonzo, Rep. Travis Clardy among others making a committee of nine members. The committee members should support the bill because it would bring a great transformation in the learning sector in the state. Supporters of the legislation: The legislation process is significant in that it helps amend the bill to suit the learning sector in the state. The legislation will help enable needy students in the state to access higher education learning institutions. The legislation will give the budget committee power to augment the finances allotted to the education sector to ensure full funding of the academic activities. On the other end, the

Warranties and Product Liability Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Warranties and Product Liability - Essay Example A warranty also comes to the fore in any contract of sale whenever such contract is subjected to any condition whereby such is not performed. The promisee therefore, has two options. He may refuse to proceed with the contract by reason of a breach of warranty or he may waive the performance of that condition. To test whether in a contract of sale there is warranty, the pertinent question is whether the buyer is an 'ignorant' buyer who relied on the seller's affirmation of fact or promise or not. If he is, there is warranty. However, in one case, there is no warranty when the purchaser is expected to have an opinion and the vendor has no special opinion (Spencer Heater Co v Abbot). In the hereinabove definition of warranty, there are 2 kinds of general warranties enumerated i.e. express warranty and implied warranty. A third one, statutory warranty has recently been added via legal enactments. From these 3 categories are engendered several other warranties which may be express or implied depending on the facts of the case. Express warranty is any affirmation of fact or any pledge by the vendor relating to the goods if the natural inclination of such affirmation or pledge is the inducement of the vendee to buy the same, and if the vendee purchases by reason of such affirmation or pledge. Thus, it is imperative that such warranty... express warranty and implied warranty. A third one, statutory warranty has recently been added via legal enactments. From these 3 categories are engendered several other warranties which may be express or implied depending on the facts of the case. Express warranty is any affirmation of fact or any pledge by the vendor relating to the goods if the natural inclination of such affirmation or pledge is the inducement of the vendee to buy the same, and if the vendee purchases by reason of such affirmation or pledge. Thus, it is Warranties 3 imperative that such warranty as derived from the language of the contract must be explicit and may take form as an affirmation, pledge or representation (Parish v Kotthoff). The Patricia Henley case whereby petitioner Henley sued Philip Morris for damages on the basis of the latter agent's misrepresentation to her that she should shift to Marlboro Lights in order to escape or diminish the risks of smoking, is one potent example of express warranty. The court ruled that the petitioner's carcinoma of the lungs was caused by her chain-smoking of Marlboro Lights and that such was induced by the (mis)representation of Philip Morris'agent that such is not only safe but desirable (Henley v Philip Morris). Another example is when the product contains these words in the label "This product is guaranteed free from defect". Implied warranty, on the other hand, doesn't involve any explicit promise rather the warranty is imposed on the seller by operation of law. The basis for such is the circumstances of the sale. Thus in each contract of sale, oral or written, it is implied or inferred that the

Concept of Operations Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Concept of Operations - Essay Example The systems development lifecycle starts with the product plan, followed by the phase deliverables, the concept development, the requirements definition, the preliminary design, and goes all the way to project completion. Therefore, prior to preliminary and detail design steps, it is important that the requirements of the system are defined in line with the concept being developed. A concept of operations thus outlines these requirements by incorporating the user’s views or ideas. It means that any systems engineer needs to address these requirements as being the functional concepts, as well as being the perspectives of the system users and customers. The CONOPs should ensure that components that are less important are either done away with or minimized. The most common critical aspects in SDLC include the current system that the client needs to overhaul, the reasons for a new system, a detailed explanation of the proposed system, and the operational factors of the system by the user, both external and internal. In this light, analysis of CONOPs ensures that the operational needs of the user are addressed without necessarily getting lost in detailed technical aspects. This helps in meeting the set timelines of the project

Discussion and Participation Questions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Discussion and Participation Questions - Essay Example 1). Concurrently, it is worth mentioning that there are five identified elements that are crucial in any internal control system to ensure effective and efficient implementation: control environment, risk assessment, control activities, information and communication, and monitoring (Kansas State University par. 4). Given these theoretical frameworks, organizations that experience significant changes in terms of growth through diversification, expansion (in products or markets) or acquisition need considerable and appropriate changes in internal control systems that would cater to the transformations made. For example, in a small rural bank which started with only one branch, the internal control system set in place should conform to the amount and quality of resources and corporate information that need to be safeguarded. A limited amount of â€Å"physical control measures are introduced such as locked key-card access and locks so that there is no theft of valuables. Several organiz ations have policies which require supervision of any person who enters a bank vault† (Bhattacharyya par. 7). ... In this regard, the internal control system of an expanding bank should be adjusted and adapted to the needs of its expansion by addressing more clientele, more resources, and therefore, more safeguards are necessary to prevent theft, fraud, negligence, and wastage, as intended. In some examples provided by the Federal Bank of San Francisco, some components of a sound internal control framework include the following guidelines: â€Å"(1) safeguard access to physical and electronic assets and records; (2) ensure adequate segregation and rotation of duties; (3) identify, monitor and minimize conflicts of interest; (4) establish and enforce authority and risk limits; (5) maintain appropriate staffing levels and expertise; and (5) conducting ongoing monitoring† (Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco 2-3). Large commercial banks therefore require more intricate and complicated but comprehensive internal control systems that would ensure safeguarding the resources of the banks and t hose of their growing number of clientele on an ongoing process. Works Cited Bhattacharyya, Madhurjya. Objectives of Internal Control. 8 July 2010. 15 December 2011 . Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco. "Intternall Conttrols and Operational Risk Remain on Our Radar Screen." On the Radar Screen November 2004: 2-3. Kansas State University. Internal Controls. 30 June 2003. 15 December 2011 . Discussion Question 2 Describe a common fraud scheme for investments. Explain the controls that may be put in place to prevent the fraud. A common fraud scheme for investment was disclosed in the official website of the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) that circulated in

Compare themes and make connections in 3 stories Essay

Compare themes and make connections in 3 stories - Essay Example In Updike’s story, Sammy is an immature and romantic daredevil who can recklessly decides to quit his job in order to draw the attention of Quinee the leader of the girls in weird dress. Again though Steinbeck’s protagonist Elisa Allen is intelligent, enthusiastic and business-minded, she shows the signs of immature perception of the world through her romantic fascination for a hobo life. In a similar manner, Alice’s protagonist Dee’s self contradictory immaturity lies in the fact that though she shows significant awareness of her community culture and heritage, the way how she wants to preserve it will ultimately eradicate it. Therefore, it can be assumed that though all of the protagonists apparently seem to brilliant, smart and intelligent, they are romantically immature. In Updike’s story, because of his sarcastic remarks for the coworkers and his masterful narration, Sammy seems to be quite smart and intelligent. The ways how he behaves with th e girls and how he reacts to the manager’s pragmatic advice to them necessarily reveal that he is romantically immature. Being a teenager, Sammy can do anything to attract the girls in bikinis who come to his store. Indeed, a romantic and heroic attitude towards the opposite sex drives his behavior. When in response to the manager’s warning, Quinee says that her mother asks her â€Å"to pick up a jar of herring snacks† (Updike), Sammy can easily â€Å"slid right down her voice into her living room† (Updike). He conjures up an imaginary aristocratic world wheret her parents and others in â€Å"ice-cream coats and bow ties† are â€Å"picking up herring snacks on toothpicks off a big plate† and drinking the â€Å"color of water with olives and sprigs of mint in them† (Updike). Sammy’s rich and figurative narration necessarily shows that he is quite intelligent. But it also reveals that he is hungry for such luxury. But Sammy canno t perceive the stern reality which lies beneath this luxurious facade of life. As a result, He, hungry for this luxurious life, loudly declares to quit his job in protest against the manager’s decision. So he hopes that Quinee will notice his heroism. But in contradiction to his expectations, they do not stop and â€Å"watch†¦.their unsuspected hero† (Updike). His limited experience fails him to perceive the reality that lies beyond romantic appearance of the world. Like Sammy’s hollow smartness, Dee Johnson seems to be quite smart. She has changed her name to â€Å"Wangaro† in order to protest against the culture and people who once oppressed her ancestors, as she says, â€Å"I couldn't bear it any longer, being named after the people who oppress me.† (Walker) Obviously, it is a wise decision on her part. It shows that she is aware of her ‘self’ and of her culture. Indeed, Mama also pursues the same of having a respectable identi ty in the white dominated which once has enslaved her ancestors mercilessly. She dreams of talking with the white man looking in his eye. This dream of Mama to look in the eye of a white man necessarily propounds that she is also aware of her African American cultural identity, as she says, â€Å"Who can even imagine me looking a strange white man in the eye?† (Walker) Even though both Mama’s and Dee’s goals are same, Dee vehemently opposes Mama. The way she wants to keep her cultural identity will eradicate the culture itself in the long run. She does not want to use the quilts in her

Consulting report Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Consulting report - Assignment Example Using this equation a web portal can be created where the same loyal customers can enter details of their shopping and the same staff can pick it out for them and pack it up to save time. This will not only save time for both and affect inventory and logistics positively, but also increase sales. In a research (Park, 1998) it was concluded that hi-tech baby boomers and older/physically challenged people were more prone to shop online. Another research (Hiser, 1999) confirmed that consumers other than those having dual incomes were a viable market segment. On a general basis buying groceries online was not dependent on the number of people in the house or incomes or gender. On the other hand buying behavior is more likely to be linked to the penetration of Internet and its usability among the shoppers (Ward, 2000). In today’s age where there is an application for every website the company would be making more sales if people in the community are given the option of selecting their groceries on the go. Instead of traditional inventory management system, using the warehouse as the Master Organization and transferring all stocks from there on when stocks are out anywhere, RCE proposes to use a flexible and manageable system. Maintain a fixed stock at all stores for all or some inventories, while keeping all suppliers connected with the Master Organization. This helps put the customer in focus and also helps increase sales as projected to 1%. On an organizational level, if Bradford chooses to bring in revenue through a web portal, a managed inventory at all stores will speed up the process of picking and bagging the orders. For staff to be effective in managing the store of inventory on-site at each business unit(store), effective trainings can be given and management can be done with simple bar-code readers. Staff that has been stocking the locations and managing

Indian Gaming Regulatory Act Essay Example for Free

Indian Gaming Regulatory Act Essay In 1988, Congress passed the Indian Gaming Regulatory Act establishing gaming on Indian reservations as a means of helping tribes become self-sufficient and less dependent on government dole-outs. Donald Bartlett and James B. Steele co-wrote an article which appeared in Time magazine on December 16, 2002 entitled â€Å"Wheel of Misfortune† negatively criticizing the consequences of instituting the said Act. A day later, the Native American Times published an editorial which contains dissenting arguments against the first article. According to Bartlett and Steele, the major defect of the Act is the unequal redistribution of profits derived from gaming in the reserves: â€Å"It gives billions of dollars to the white backers of Indian businesses and nothing to hundred of Native Americans living in poverty†¦hundreds of millions of dollars to one Indian tribe with a few dozen numbers—and not a penny to a tribe with hundreds of thousands of members†¦(78)† The bulk of the essay expounds and provides evidence to these assertions. It also points to the fact that while these tribes earn tax-free revenues, they continue to collect millions in government aid. The Native American Times editorial, meanwhile, accuses the Time magazine article as simply a piece that â€Å"fan the flames of racism with lies (â€Å"Indian Gaming† 84)† and proceeds to either refute or justify the points raised of the latter. Bartlett and Steele claim that only a few Indians are benefiting financially from the Native-American gaming industry thus defeating the purpose of the act, which is to raise the average Native American out of poverty. At the same time, a high percentage of the profits from these lucrative casinos go to the wealthy leaders of tribes. The editorial counters this argument by stating that there are varied reasons why some tribes do well than others. It cites the case of Oklahoma, home to more Native Americans than any other state. The state prohibits Class III gambling thus preventing an opportunity for the Native Americans in Oklahoma from realizing the Congressional Act. Today tribes continue to â€Å"fight with every resource available to them to hold off those who would send them back to the metaphoric reservation (â€Å"Indian Gaming 85). † The editorial also praises the success story of the Shakopee tribe which the Time magazine article derides. The success is well-deserved, according to the editorial, since this group has experienced one of the most harrowing histories of violence inflicted against Native Americans. For all its passionate defense and criticism of the Time magazine article, the editorial of the Native American Times does not touch on the other issues raised by the former like cronyism among the tribal leaders, the involvement of white Americans behind the casino operations, and the applications for recognition by extinct tribes that suddenly resurrects because of the business opportunity. Then again, the former is a lengthier and more detailed presentation complete with figures and facts, in keeping also with its being an investigative article. Nevertheless, it can be argued that the editorial does not need to refute the Time magazine article point by point and that its entire argument is summed up when the editorial writer states that the reason why people like Bartlett and Steele are being too critical about the Indian Gaming Regulatory Act is because â€Å"the thought of rich Indians is against nature we can only assume (85). Inequality, anomalies, and other issues about the Native American and their casinos may exist but they are no different to those in regular gaming industries. Despite some wealthy members, Native Americans are still the poorest and most victimized people in America.

Relationship between consumption saving and investment according to keynes

Relationship between consumption saving and investment according to keynes 1. Explain the consumption function according to Keynes! What is the relationship between consumption, saving and investment according to Keynes? The main hypothesis of Keynes is that the real consumption depends on disposable income. This hypothesis you can express like this: C = C(Y). In that case consumption (C) and disposable income (Y) are measured in units.  [1]   Kenynes also said that people enhance consumption when their disposable income increases. But the increase of consumption is smaller than the increase of disposable income. This hypothesis you can describe with the marginal propensity to consume. It describes the increase of consumption when disposable income rises.  [2]   The marginal propensity to consume is defined as C = = Because of the fundamental-psychological law the marginal propensity to consume is between 0 and 1.  [3]   0 When the marginal propensity to consume is 0.8, consumption increases 0.8 units. At once disposable income increases one unit. The fundamental-psychological law is fullfilled because increase of consumption is smaller than increase of disposable income. When 0.8 units are used for consumption the remaining 0.2 units are obviously used for savings. The proof is expressed by following formula: Y = C + S 1 = 0.8 + S I 0.8 S = 0.2 . Therefore we define the marginal propensity to save money as differential quotient dS /dY. The marginal propensity to save shows how much the savings grow due to increasing disposable income. Through differentiation of the budget restriction after Y you can see that after adding the marginal propensity to consume and the marginal propensity to save the result always amounts 1. = 1 I = . That shows you that every additional income has to be used either way.  [4]   The formula below is the consumption function: C = Caut + C  · Y . Caut is autonomous consumption. You can interpret the consumption function like a normal formula which you know from mathematics. Therefore Caut is the intersection point with the ordinate and C ·Y the gradient. The last formula which is important to know concerning the consumption function according to Keynes is the consumption rate. It serves to find out which quantity of disposable income is used for consumption. The formula is c:= .  [5]   So far almost always mathematical background has been mentioned. But it is also necessary and maybe easier to summarize consumption in my own words. This will help to explain the relationship between consumption, savings and investments according to Keynes. Basically Keynes had three suppositions which result the consumption function is.  [6]  The first was mentioned above. He expected that consumption increases when disposable income increases one unit. This mentioned process is the so called marginal propensity to consume. The value of it is between 0 and 1. You see that consumption can not increase just as money. But the main fact is that people lean towards consuming when they have more disposable income. Furthermore the average propensity to consume decline when dispoable income increases and consumption depends on current disposable income. Keynes thought that the rich spend more of their disposable income than the poor and that interest rates are not important.  [7]  Therefore a short example should make this facts more familiar. We expect, that the average consumption and disposable income was 1700à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬ and 2000à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬. In a formular you find following average propensity to consum: c0 = = 0.85. The result says that 85% of disposable income is used for consumption. One year later the disposable income increases more than the consumption expenditures: c1 = = 0.84. The result says that now 84% of disposable income is used for consumption. Now it is possible to calculate the marginal propensity to consum. C = = = . Now you see that consumption increases 0.75 units when disposable income increases about 1 unit. While explaining the consumption function different facts were metioned. Also consumptions and savings. One word is still missing investments. In the consumption function according to Keynes investements have not been borne in mind. There is only a relationship between consumption and savings. It was mentioned that you have an disposable income which you use for your consumption expenditures. When consumption does not exceed the disposable income you have a specified amount which you can save. This is expressed by this formular: Y = C + S 1 = 0.6 + S I 0.6 S = 0.4 . Consumption is 0.6 units. Therefore you are able to spend 0.4 units. But when you take a look at the incomne-expenditure model or the equilibrium for good markets  [8]  you find other different relations between consumption, savings and investments.  [9]   The first important formular is Y = C + I + G. This formular describes the equation for equilibrium in the goods market.  [10]  Immediately you find consumption, investments and government spending. You see that there is an existing relationship. Now there is the possibility to play with the formular what could be interesting to identify the different relationships. Therefore taxes (T) and consumption (C) have to be subtracted from Income (Y). It is also necessary to subtract taxes from government spending. The new formular looks like this: Y T C = I + G T. We know that S = Y T -C takes effect. Therefore the term reads S = I + G T . The term on the left side is private saving. On the right side you find investment (I) and public savings (G T). The government is able to run a budget surplus. This happens when taxes exceed government spending. But when government spending is higher than taxes there is a budget deficit. That means that the country consumed too much.  [11]   2. Which monetary policy instruments does a Central Bank have to control the money supply? Which of these instruments is the most effective and why? A Central Bank has three different instruments to control the money supply. It is able to choose between standing facilities, minimum required reserves and open market operations.  [12]   Deposit facilities comply with deposits of merchant banks. Business partners of the european system of central banks (ESCB) are able to invest redundant central bank money until the next business day. There are no restrictions for using this facility and no corresponding amount limits for deposits. The interest rate is the bottom line for overnight money.  [13]  Business partner of the ESCB are able to use marginal lending facilities to provide overnight liquidities by national banks. There is a fixed interest rate for these liquidities. But the business partnes will not get the liquidities if they are not able to deposit refinancable securities. There are also no existing credit lines or restrictions which could make barriers. The interest rate for marginal lending facilities is the maximum limit for overnight money.  [14]   The second monetary instrument of the ECB to control the money supply are reserve requirements. Due to competition international financial centers to decrease the reserve debt. It was introduced in the beginning of the 20th century. The idea was to secure the banks solvency. Nowadays this task is done by banking supervisory standards.  [15]  Banks always hold reserves. The reason is very simple. They want to satisfy the depositors. But that money reserves which are required are much bigger. Therefore the aim to satisfy the depositors is not the only one. To prohibit disadvantages in competition between different currency areas where banks do not have to hold reserves interests are payed on reserves of European banks by the ECB.  [16]  The bank has to have reservers which are equal to 10% of their checkable deposits.  [17]  But it is to mention that the monthly average percentage has to be 10%. If there are liquidity bottlenecks the bank is able to go back to their reserve s. When all banks average reserves at the beginning of the month are below 10% they can feel certain that the ECB provides liquidities at the end of the month. Otherwise banks would not be able to fullfil their reserve requirements.  [18]   The most important instrument are the open market operations. When a central bank buys bonds they pay for them with creating money. This activity is used to increase the amount of money. Vice versa the central bank is able to sell bonds. It has to remove the money which is in circulation because the central bank get it for the selling of the bonds. The amount of money will decline. In modern economies these procedures are the most popular to increase or decline the money stock. Open markt operations are distinguishable into expansionary and contractionary open market operation. To understand that operation an example with a short balance sheet would be helpful.  [19]  Below you find the situation before buying bonds (a) and after buying bonds (b): (b) Assets Liabilities Assets Liabilities 1 Mio. à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬ 1 Mio. à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬ 1 Mio. à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬ 1 Mio. à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬ + 1 Mio. à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬ + 1 Mio. à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬ 1 Mio. à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬ 1 Mio. à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬ 2 Mio. à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬ 2 Mio. à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬ This is an example for an expansionary open market operation. In (b) the amount of bonds is 2 Mio. à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬ that means 1 Mio. à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬ higher than before. But therefore the amount of money in the economy is also 1 Mio. à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬ higher. Assets Liabilities Assets Liabilities 1 Mio. à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬ 1 Mio. à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬ 1 Mio. à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬ 1 Mio. à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬ 1 Mio. à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬ 1 Mio. à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬ 1 Mio. à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬ 1 Mio. à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬ 0 à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬ 0 à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬ In the example above you see an example for contractionary open market operation. You see that the central bank decided to decline the supply of money. The procedure is the same like for the open market operation only vice versa. The amount of bonds decline and the money in the economy, too. Both decline about 1 Mio. à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬. Now it is interesting to know what kind of effects are resulting by open market operations. Therefore it is necessary to take a look at Treasury bills which are one-year bonds. The main fact of Treasury bills is that you get a fixed amount of dollars after one year. An example will explain to you the interest rate which you get after one year. At first we fix that you get 200 à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬ after one year. à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬PB is the price of the bond after one year. In our example we take 150 à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬ . Below you will find the formular for the interest rate: i This example shows that in that case the interest rate is 33% per year. When you the interest rate for the bond you can play with the formula and change it so that you are able to find the future price of the bond after one year. For that operation the formula below is an example: . Because of this mathematical facts you can say that the price for bonds is less than the final price when the interest rate is positive. Sometimes you read in newspapers that bonds went up. This means that the interest rates for bonds decrease and the prices for bonds increase.  [20]   3. Which monetary policy strategies are the most widely practised? Which monetary policy strategy is currently used by the European Central Bank? The most widley practised monetary policies strategies are the nominal exchange rate peg, inflation targeting and monetary targeting. 1974 the Deutsche Bundesbank was the first one which used monetary targeting. Monetary targeting is based on the quantity theory of money. Therefore it is necessary to take a look at the quantity formula: (1). P are prices, V is velocity, Y is real GNP and M money supply. If you change the formula you are able to see which amount of money has to be choosen to achieve a certain price level: (2). For practical use the stability of velocity is very important. If you take a look at formula (1) you are able to see that an increase of V increases P. That means that less money is needed to achieve an intended price level. V is determined by demand for money. If the demand for money decrease money supply (M) is converted faster.  [21]  A country has to do some tests which proof if monetary targeting can be practiced.  [22]   A further monetary policy strategy is inflation targeting. The short-term or middle-term aim of a central bank which is using inflation targeting is to achieve low inflation rates or their inflation targets. The expected inflation rate play an important role. Central banks are able to influence the inflation target by using interest rates. It is a very simple example which should explain this instrument: If inflation is higher than the target, the bank can raise interest rates. The effect is that the inflation will decrease. If inflation is lower than the target, the bank can decrease interest rates. The result is that inflation will increase.  [23]   Concerning inflation targeting it is necessary to take a look at Taylors Rule which determines the interest rates. The central banks may follow the rule. Therefore you have to take a look a the following formula: . is the inflation rate, is the inflation target, is the nominal interest rate, is the target interest rate, is the unemployment rate and is the natural unemployment rate. and are positive coefficients. If and the nominal interest rate should be equal to , the inflation target. This procedure has to be done by the central bank. When >, the inflation rate is higher than the inflation target. In that case the central bank has to intervene. It has to increase above . The effect is that umeployment will increase because of the higher interest rate and the inflation will decrease. The coefficient has to be larger than one. The higher it is the better the inflation target will be achieved.  [24]   2. The more central bank increase interest rate 3. The more economy slow down 4. The more unemploy-ment increase 5. Inflation target achieved faster 1. The higher The central bank has to increase the real interest rate when inflation increases. But therefore the aim of the central bank should be decreasing spending and ouput. When > the nominal interest rate should be decreased by the central bank. The result is that the output will increase and the unemployment will decrease. has the the same aim like . It shows the care about unemployment in relation to inflation by the central bank. If ÃŽÂ ² is higher, the c.bank is more concerned to bring the unemployment close to natural level (to increase employment) and to increase output than to keep the inflation close to its target.  [25]   2. Central bank bring unemployment close to natural level 3. Central bank increase output 1.The higher 4. Central bank achieve inflation target The nominal exchange rate is also a monetary policy strategy. Through pegging the domestic currency to a very stable currency it is possible to control the exchange rate and the inflation.  [26]  But there are some requirements which have to be fulfilled. At first there has to be a country which has a currency that is powerful enough to be an anchor currency. The issue bank of the anchor currency country needs a huge reliability because of well developed stability in the past. Furthermore a large part of the foreign trade has to be done with the anchor currency country or in its currency. That means that for example Poland has to trade with Germany or in à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬. It is also possible to trade in US-$ but therefore the anchor currency country has to be the USA.  [27]  Furthermore an aim is to attract capital flows and to stabilize the movement of interest rates. When there is a danger that the domestic currency will decrease the central bank will increase central banks. If there is an danger that the domestic currency will increase the central bank will decrease interest rates.  [28]   The European Central Bank (ECB) is using the two-pillar strategy. The first pillar is a wide economic analysis to identify short- and middle-term risks for keeping price stability. For the analysis the ECB has a lot of indicators which are used to identify these risks. For example the economic growth, wage development, exchange rate development and the balance of payment situation, consumer price and producer price index development, asset price and real-estate price development and the inflation forecast.  [29]  The content of the second pillar is based on the quantity theory of money and is similar to the strategy of the Deutsche Bundesbank. The formular below expresses the annual increase of M3: M3  · V = P  · Y V is velocity and it is between 0,5% to 1% per year. P is price increase and it is up to 2%. Y is the growth of the production potential and it is between 2% to 2,5%. Because of these factors the annual increase of M3 is 4,5%. With the help of these two-strategies the ECB is able to achieve their main aim, price stability.  [30]   4. List of sources Felderer, B. / Homburg,S., Makroà ¶konomik und neue Makroà ¶konomik, 9.Auflage, Berlin 2005 Borchert, M., Geld und Kredit, 7.Auflage, Mà ¼nchen 2001 Gischer, H. /Herz, B. /Menkhoff, L., Geld, Kredit und Banken, 2.Auflage, Berlin-Heidelberg 2005 Kazandziska, M., Macroeconomics I, Session 13 Bofinger, P. / Reischle, J. / Schà ¤chter, A., Geldpolitik, 1.Auflage, Mà ¼nchen 1996 Blanchard, O., Macroeconomics, 3.Auflage, Upper Saddle River 2003 Heine, M. / Herr, H., Volkswirtschaftslehrer, 3.Auflage, Mà ¼nchen 2003 Mankiw, N. Gregory, Mikroà ¶konomik, 5.Auflage, Stuttgart 2003 Burda, M. / Wyplosz, C., Macroeconomics, 3.Auflage, New York 2001

Tourism As An Industry Tourism Essay

Tourism As An Industry Tourism Essay According to Tucker and Sundberg 1988 cited Loannides and Debbage 1998 Tourism is not an industry in conventional senses as it does not have a single production process, homogenous product or a locationally confined market. Tourism might be considered as partially industrialized as it serves its visitors. He also states that it is a mix of industries which provides services in varied forms Leiper (1990 cited Loannides and Debbage 1998). Smith (1998 in Loannides and Debbage 1998) viewed tourism as a composition of businesses which facilitates business, pleasure and leisure activities by providing goods and services, and may be considered as an industry. According to Thomas Lea Davidson (1998 in Theobald 1998) defining tourism as an industry is incorrect. He states that it is a socio-economic phenomenon which assists economic and social progress and a sector which influence a wide range of industries. In his view designating tourism as an industry may be for many reasons like to gain respect, need for a sound framework, analyze and publish data or need for some to gain self identity. There have been long standing debates on whether tourism is an industry or not. The size and structure of the tourism industry made up of highly fragmented and diverse components. The tourism industry is composed of different components such as tour operators, travel agents, accommodation providers, carriers, tourism associations, destination organizations and consultancies (Mowforth and Munt 1998). As stated by Bhatia (2006) it is a collection of various industries with varied scope of operation mainly targeting revenue generated from tourism. Careful planning and implementation is necessary for economic development of any country. In the tourism sector the need for planned development is of great importance. It involves many industries working together in a complex way and needs special attention. Planning basically tries to allot limited resources between various competitors with a view to maximize output, income and employment and to make sure different sectors have fair growth. Tourism planning is a process through which the set goals can be achieved and the various choices linked to tourism development can be addressed. It is a long term and constant process of preparing, upgrading and improving a destination for tourist. Communities are the basic elements of tourism. It mainly depends upon the level of acceptance shown by local communities. In the process of planning their involvement is essential (Khan 2005). Role of Government in Tourism Planning: As stated by Hall (2008) the involvement of Government in tourism planning is very essential. The Government and private sectors play a very compelling role in the planning of tourism (Cruz 2005). It facilitates by providing Infrastructure, educational requirements, launch of regulatory surroundings for operation of businesses and participates in promotion and marketing of tourism products. Strategic Tourism Planning: The need for strategic tourism planning arises to handle crises at tourism destinations (Kerr 2003). The essential steps for strategic tourism planning are Setting objectives Explore of tourism development factors Drawing conclusions about an destinations potential Bringing new ideas for tourism development Making recommendations for destination development (Gunn 1988) Issues and Constraints for Planning: Cruz (2005) outlined some barriers for planning Small enterprises view tourism planning as an intrusion into their field and doubt about its value. It is considered to be expensive as analysis and market research is required. The complex and diverse structure of the industry. It is differentiated large and small enterprises. The tourism planners should plan strategically keeping the barriers for planning in consideration along with the short term impacts along with the long term impacts on the destination (Gunn 1988). Tourism Impacts: The development of tourism creates impact on mainly environment, socio-culture and economy of the host community at any destination. These impacts produce both negative as well as positive impact. Planning is necessary to reduce the negative impact and boost the positive impact for sustainable development of a destination. Economic: The domestic economies are supported by tourism and are considered to be a means of trade. The economic impact can be assessed at three different levels- the direct, indirect and induced. Direct impact is the value of tourist expenditure after deducting the imports which was necessary for providing the service. The firms that directly receive the tourist expenditure spent on other sectors like water, electricity etc to provide the services. The generation of the economic activity through these frequent rounds of expenditure is called as the indirect impact. The money which is re-spent in the economy by the community which was gained through the tourism in the form of salary, wages etc is called as induced impact. The positive economic impact of tourism is accessed by considering all three levels of impacts. (Cooper et al. 2008). Tourism also creates negative economic impact like employment due to seasonality (Youell 1998). Environmental: According to Mathieson and Wall (1982 cited Hall 2003) the tourism industry is environment dependent. There is little scope for tourism to flourish if a destination is not environmentally attractive. The positive impact of tourism on environment includes, preservation of ancient monuments, sites and historic buildings; creation of national parks and wild life sanctuaries; safeguarding of reefs and beaches and maintenance of forests (Cooper et al. 2008). The negative impacts are waste disposal, water pollution, deforestation etc (Youell 1998). Socio-cultural: According to Hall (2003) the way in which tourism brings changes in the value system, behaviour, lifestyle and quality of life of the local community can be termed as Socio-cultural impacts. The major positive impact of tourism on society includes creation of employment, revival of poor and non-industrialized areas along with revitalization of local arts and crafts. Tourism creates negative impacts like prostitution, crime, lose of tradition etc. In areas where tourism is the major employer, traditional activities like farming may deteriorate. It may also pave way for demonstration effect where host communities try to imitate the life style of visitors. The host communities have to adjust their routine according to the seasonality of tourism which might create disturbance in the host community (Mason 2008). Planning to mitigate the impacts: Tourism generally brings positive impacts on host communities but also carries some negative impacts (cooper et al. 2008). The concept of planning is very vital to yield high-quality benefits out of tourism. English (1986 cited Gunn 1988) gives a series of ideas to minimize the negative impacts and enhance positive ones. Measures can be taken to assist local ownership and control foreign tourism services and facilities. He states that encouraging indigenous design and absorption of local transportation, tour companies, accommodation and food services can increase attraction to tourists and can lower dependency on outsiders. The government needs to promote small and medium size businesses so that the leakage from local economy can be sealed. This in turn will ensure local participation in tourism development (Equations 2008). According to Youell (1998) both public and private sector should work together to develop sustainable tourism. Environment is the base of tourism and has to be p rotected. The importance of sustainable tourism is growing among tourists. Thus proper planning is necessary for achieving sustainable tourism (Edgell et al. 2008). The public sector should plan and implement policies to maximize the use of renewable source of energy; waste water treatment; infrastructural development and use of cleaner technology which reduces pollution (WTO). Proper legal planning and maintaining control over society would reduce crime and other harmful social activities. Educating and giving awareness to local community about tourism will enhance positive impacts and reduce negative ones (Hall 2003). Advantages of tourism can be obtained only by planning, viewing the future and dealing with anticipated consequences. These points should be carefully studied with respect to the local environment as it can affect the quality of the tourism product and may also no longer satisfy the targeted audience (English 1986 cited Gunn 1988). Conclusion: The structure of the tourism industry is very complex with different sectors such as accommodation, travel, attractions and support services working together to create the final product. Due to this fragmented composition it is very important to have planning for sustainable development. In traditional sense it cannot be called as an industry but can be termed as a collection of small and medium size businesses. For the long lasting and future of these businesses sustainable development is necessary. The essay underlines the importance of planning in tourism industry as well as the limitations to planning due to various external factors. Tourism can be considered as a very diverse and complex form of industry which has impacts on the community. It carries long lasting economic, socio-cultural and environmental impacts. Both positive and negative impacts are induced in a destination through tourism. Strategic tourism planning can mitigate some of the negative impacts but some have to be accepted as the beneficiaries part of tourism development. Strategic planning is very critical as it tries to manage crises. It attempts to enhance the positive impacts and reduce the negative impacts. The report emphasizes the importance of planning by giving approaches for sustainable tourism.

Princess Diana Essay example -- essays research papers fc

Throughout Princess Diana’s lifetime she loved, cared, and helped others along the way. She had many accomplishments in life. Such as her children and her many organizations.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Lady Diana Frances Spencer was born on July 1, 1961 at Park House, a residence on the royal estate at Sandringham. She was the third of four children and the youngest daughter. Diana was born to her father Edward John Spencer Viscount Althorp and mother Frances Roche Spencer (King 27). Diana shared her home with two older sisters, Sarah and Jane and a younger brother Charles (Kantrowitz 40).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  As a child, first she was expected to go through a preparatory school. She attended Riddlesworth Hall an all girls boarding school. Then in 1974 she transferred from her preparatory school to West Heath. Three years later in 1977 she left West Heath to continue schooling at Institute Alpin Videmanette in Switzerland. After finishing schooling, Diana got a job working as a part time kindergarten teacher at the Young England School in Pimlico. On top of that, she also was a part time nanny who spent her time looking after a small child (â€Å"Diana† Internet).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  On February 24, 1981 the engagement of Prince Charles and Lady Diana was announced (Delano 36). The couple later was married at St. Paul’s Cathedral in London on July 29, 1981. The wedding ceremony attracted global television and radio audiences. It was estimated that around one thousand million people watched or heard the wedding. In addition, thousands of people lined the route the royal carriage took to the cathedral. Diana was the first English woman in three hundred years to marry an heir to the British throne. Diana wore a silk dress designed by the Emanuels, which trailed a twenty-five foot train (â€Å"Diana† Internet).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  A year later June 21, 1982 Prince William Arthur Phillip Louis was born at St. Mary’s Hospital. Two years later Charles and Diana’s second child, Harry Charles Albert David was born on Sept. 15, 1984 (Delano 36). As her children grew, they developed a love for winter sports especially skiing. They often took trips to the Alps (Donnelly 48).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  After eleven years of marriage, the couple announced their separation on Dec. 9, 1992. Circumstances that led to the separation were Charles... ... center of an ornamental lake (â€Å"Diana† Internet).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Diana touched the hearts of so many people. She did good for everyone, everywhere. She graced people with her presence. Her destiny was fulfilled in life by completing her â€Å"mission† to help everyone (Donnelly 89).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Diana’s face was also the most valuable possession. It helped draw attention to the causes and issues she cared about worldwide, but this also caused Diana her life. Through her life the paparazzi never left her be or gave her the privacy and space she needed. She was rarely out of range from people’s cameras (Kantrowitz 40).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  As it can be seen, Princess Diana led a very successful life. Although short, her life left an impression on the world that will never be forgotten. Works Cited Delano, Julia. Diana a Tribute. New York: Crescent, 1997 Diana, Princess of Wales. http://www.royal.gov.uk/family/diana.htm Donnelly, Peter. Diana: A Tribute to the People’s Princess. Philadelphia: Courage, 1997 Kantrowitz, Barbara. â€Å"The Woman We Loved.† Newsweek 8 Sept. 1997: 40. King, Norman. Two Royal Women. New York: Wynwood, 1989

The Causes of Self Hatred and How to Combat It :: Essays Papers

The Causes of Self Hatred and How to Combat It Every other ethnic background seems to stand up for itself and demand respect when it is being discriminated against. If we look back over the history of this country we will find group after group that defend their rights. Groups that do not want to be portrayed in a negative light within the culture and groups that insist upon compensation for what Americans and the American society has done to them. Why, then, when we look at Italian Americans, do we tend to see a group of people who in effect renounce who they are and do not embrace their heritage? There are many reasons for this quite common denouncement. The first is an attempt to assimilate. â€Å"By 1930, more than 4.5 million Italians had entered the United States,†; that is, a third of the population left Italy within the fifty years leading up to 1930 (Mangione 33). These Italians immigrated to this country with the hope that they would find food, jobs and financial security. Instead, they found, often times, worse conditions than they had left behind in Italy. This humungous population was the largest immigration from any one country to ever enter the United States. These people were in need and when they arrived they were ready to work and to earn their wages, which could lead to comfort and happiness. They came in hopes of finding â€Å"the American dream.† As a whole, this group was not looking for handouts, but merely for opportunities. Unfortunately, they were met with opposition. As the History Channel’s documentary on Italian Americans states, Italians were told that in America they would find â€Å"streets paved with gold, only to arrive and realize they had to dig the streets.† So, these immigrants picked up shovels and went to work. But they quickly found opposition to their efforts. The Irish, who had come a few years prior to the Italians, did not appreciate the Italians’ willingness to perform hard labor jobs for small wages. The Irish began to feel threatened and soon a rivalry rose between the two groups. This was unfortunate, for both groups, because they were both primarily Catholic. But, this common ground became a divider and not a connector between the two groups.

Art :: essays research papers

. You are capturing your impressions of a scene before you. In art, you are able to make something beautiful out of the ordinary. There is a relationship between artists and the world around them. The world is constantly changing but art will forever remain the same. The works in progress Les Demoiselles d’ Avignon means â€Å"the young ladies of Avigon.† It was painted by Pablo Picasso in 1907. The early sketch reveals that it originally had seven figures, five prostitutes, a sailor, and a medical student carrying a book. The crouching figure is complex in Study for the crouching Demoiselle. An earlier drawing reveals that what would become her hand is originally her arm and Her eyes were originally her breasts. Her mouth was originally her bellybutton.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In the critical process the photograph is not a still life because the flower is wilting in the painting. That is not plaesureable. Still life is designed to induce in the spectator a higher order of thought. The vanitas tradition requires a skull in the painting. The lighting is dark. The background is almost as dark as the vase. They almost blend together. Figure 39 is one of the great examples of Impressionism, a mode of painting that dominated let nineteenth-century art in the Western world, especially in France. Claude Monet’s The Regatta at Argenteuil is representing every detail of a scene exactly as it appears. Monet’s purpose is to question the nature of representation itself. The picture is a representation. It is not very life-like. I think it is very sketchy. There are broad dashes of paint. I feel that he is expressing his pint of view to nature in his art work.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The tension and conflict between the uncontrollable forces of nature and the civilizing powers of human society dominated American art and literature in the nineteenth century. Thomas Cole painted this theme in a series of five paintings called The Course of Empire. The painting represents according to Cole, â€Å"the history of a natural Scene, as well as an Epitome of man; showing the natural changes of landscape and those effected by man in his progress from Barbarism to Civilation-to the state of luxury-to the vicious state or state of Destruction, etc.

Effective Speech Writing Essay

Physical appearance affects delivery very much. It shapes first impressions when a person sees you. When it comes to dressing for public speaking, the clothes chosen must not be flashy, so as to turn off the audience from you. You want to dress simply but elegantly. The way in which a person presents their physical appearance tells people a little about that person’s character and personality. Sometimes the item a person carries says a lot about them; for example if the person is always carrying a suitcase, they can be viewed as very serious minded. I remember attending a conference, and the guest speaker was pastors from a well known church. On first glance he was very relaxed; his clothes were very well put together, stylish and very appropriate for the audience. He had a smile on his face and did not even have a paper or pen in his hand, when he got up to speak, but when he began to speak, everyone was listening, no one moved, no one spoke in hushed tones, it as if he held the audience in a trance. Because of his laid back attitude and his casual way of dressing and the fact that he knew what he was talking about enhanced his effective delivery. His personality was warm and very inviting. I believed if he had dressed any differently in addressing the audience who were all teens; the effectiveness of his delivery would not have been effective at all. Question 4 Movement enhances delivery by keeping the audience interest. Movement in public speaking emphasizes what the speaker is trying to say. When hand gestures are used, it conveys to the audience the speaker’s enthusiasm and the audience is able to image what Effective Speech Writing 4 the speaker is talking about. Hand gestures tend to excite the speaker and help to keep the audience interested in what the speaker is saying. Emphatic gestures also help to stress key points within the person’s speech. Eye contact reveals a lot about a person and helps to maintain a connection with the audience that you are presenting to. Not making eye contact can be seen on the part of the speaker as a failure to connect with the audience and in some cases makes the speaker seem unsure of the subject matter that they are talking about. Eye contact keeps the audience interested and makes the audience feel as is you are connecting with them, giving the sense that you are very knowledgeable about your subject matter. Keeping and maintaining eye contact with your audience is very important as you receive instantaneous feedback as to how effective you are. You are able with eye contact to immediately see if a point is lost on your audience, if they are bored or becoming restless. This helps you to know when it is time to stop your speech, to use a little humor or take a break in between. Once the skill of maintaining visual contact is achieved, it will help in keeping your audience interested in what you are saying. Question 5 Bill Cosby’s delivery can be seen as a very effective. This is a celebrity who is very good at public speaking. His ability to keep the audience entertained, while being serious is pure genius. His delivery was flawless. He exuded self-confidence and poise. As he mentioned in the speech, this is not his first time speaking at a college campus. His delivery showed knowledge and skill about the various subject matters that he touched Effective Speech Writing 5 upon. The pitch of his voice was very pleasant, he paused in between speaking, which seemed to be very effective, it was as if he was building anticipation, while at the same time keeping his audience interested in what he was saying. He made eye contact a number of times and his humor came through in his speech and you are able to glimpse his personality. His physical appearance was very appropriate. It was as if he was identifying with the graduating class, by donning a graduating gown too. This was a very effective way of capturing the audience’s attention and keeping it. He did not move around a lot during the speech, but there was a lot of hand movement and you could see the facial expression on his face and hear the enthusiasm in his speech. The kind of speech he did was an impromptu speech which most people dread doing. But he was prepared and gave a very good and interesting speech. Question 6 I would evaluate my delivery strength in that I make eye contact, I use a lot of hand gestures and I try to connect with my audience. I find that I am better at impromptu speech versus manuscript speech. I tend not to do well at the latter. One of my weaknesses is that I tend to gesticulate a lot, which can be very distracting to people and takes away the focus of what I am saying. Sometimes I get very nervous and tend to hold a pencil in my hand and fiddle with it while I talk, which can be very distracting for people. I can improve my weaknesses by practicing before I give a speech, so that I can improve my delivery. Also I can try to focus on my speech and practice gesticulating at the appropriate parts instead of Effective Speech Writing 6 gesticulating throughout my speech. But the most effective way to gain strength in my weak areas is to practice as much as I can, in front of friends and family. I can also overcome my weaknesses by becoming more knowledgeable, about the subject matter, which will help me during my speech. Also if I follow the instructions and deliver my speeches extemporaneously, I will become better, and will be better able to connect with my audience, as this kind of speech delivery. Source: Effective Public Speaking – Let Your Body do the Talking retrieved April 2, 2008 fromhttp://ezinearticles. com/? Effective-Public-Speaking—Let-Your-Body-Do-The-Talking&id=482746

Unit 18 Babies Development

E1-Summarise the factors which whitethorn function the wellness and - ruining of babies in the set-back year of their lives in that location be galore(postnominal) factors that concern health and phylogeny much(prenominal) as environsal factors, for object lesson, a pretermit of space in the garden or international play area lead limit their raw labor and exqui tauntelyly motor skills. Gener anyy, people with a in high spirits up level of earnings enjoy a erupt biographystyle, with better hou babble, better food, substantial clothes and own transport. Meggit 2001 rogue 9 Genetics are too a major factor which whitethorn decide the health and organic evolution of the youngster as some illnesses are inherited by dint of genes.For utilize babies with Downs syndrome suffer im direct commensurate to a chromosomal abnormality which lead to problems much(prenominal)(prenominal) as heart defects and chest infections. Illnesss in general dissolve cause da maging dam be on to a babies groomment, for representative a luxuriate whitethorn shake asthma attack which is long term and is potenti each(prenominal)y smell threatening in circumstances natural(prenominal) illnesss want meningitis tin lead to many an(prenominal) extreme conditions. The babies weight and height may be below average if they leave non been nonpl utilise illuminately due to illness.Antenatal factors are too of the essence(p) to the bilk such as reliable foods like Camembert cheese tin severely misuse the coddle, other(a) illnesses like rubella asshole be detrimental to the unborn infants health in the forbiddenset 12-16 weeks as it tail end cause a miscarriage, still birth and defects such as intellect damage, auditory sense loss and cataracts. Narcotics and intoxi stackt arsehole damage the electric razors posement during pregnancy, When the gratify is be delivered, in that location may be complications which throw out affect t he thwarts health such as lack of oxygen, birth asphyxia, coffin nail be ca utilise by the umbilical cord becoming entangled.Asphyxia stand cause the do by permanent brain damage. E2- collar a line how indoor(prenominal) and outdoor surrounds gouge be made estimable, reassuring and touch By persevereing to the braggart(a) to electric razor proportionality (13) and constantly supervising them, twain indoor and outdoor purlieus backside be upright for babies. Sudden Infant Death Syndrome is something that practicians must(prenominal)(prenominal) be aware of when babies are sleeping and should check on the babies e real 5 minutes while under supervision. To rationalize SIDS babies should be designated at the bottom of the cot with a supreme of two blankets. Risk assessments should alike be made for both inside and outside play. It is consequential that the surround nipperren are compete in is regularly checked, before and during activi liaisons. Tassoni et a l 2007 rascal 193 Practitioners must bushel incontestable they follow the correct policies and procedures and cast for for truely on the whole gates are locked to go along the pincerren honest from possible threats. The indoor environment brook be reassuring by having a identify soul in which the vitiate go a way of life get up a impound with.The list psyche can hold in that the despoil pull up s organises have a chip that tailors for the psyche necessarily by on the job(p) with the proves. The baby can likewise be reassured with a comforter, a much loved bearing from home, being brought into the linguistic context to attend to them sense more than at home and colonized. The environments can be made stimulating by having a range of activities to go on divergent areas of culture, for example, a treasure basket which go forth support variant natural items inside to progress the use of senses.Visual displays and posters can be put low overcom e so that babies can human face and investigate them. Whilst outside the practician can bow the babies out on walks to consume nature or tho a stroll around the town, in my new set we take the babies on walks as our environment is quite colourful. A trip to the park is as well as not bad(predicate) as it returns opportunities for those who walk early to be able to run and explore. E3-Describe the expected stage of development of babies at 7 months and how they can be expected to develop in the next 2 months of life.I have elect 7 months as this is a work time in development for babies, for example this is when a baby may be able to sit unaided for a short period of time whereas at 9 months the baby could sit unfounded for 10 minutes as their gross motor skills has developed more which has reform their residual. At 7 months the baby leave behind have recently mastered how to barter objects in their pass ons can come to a toy from one hand to another(prenominal). Tassoni. P 2007 scalawag40. whereas at 9 months the baby go forth bee attempting to use the tyke grip. as their okay motor skills have progressed as the nestling can deliberately squeeze out objects by dropping them. Tassoni wt al 2007 foliate41. At 7 months babies pay attention to objects indoors their visual field, this progresses at 9 months to watch an object f every last(predicate), for example constructing blocks, this is cognise as object permanence and is a result of their intellectual development. Language development is also reformd drastically inside this range from babbling in cable at 7 months to repetition and artificial at 9 months. babbles and starts to understand speech communication such as bye-bye and no. Tassoni et al page 570. E4 -Explain how 2 different play activities/ beats can support the overall development of the baby described in E3.An activeness which supports overall development of a 7 month disused is musical comedy instruments is the use of musical instruments, for example a drum, xylophone, rattle or bells. the babies sensational skills as a all in all allow for be used and advance developed from physically shaking the rattle, hearing the sound and foregathering the colours of the instrument. The fine motor skills depart also develop in different ways depending on the instrument, for example beating the drum or shaking the rattle, alongside underdeveloped absorption and hand-eye co-ordination. euphonyal instruments can also be used to extend and found out the babies linguistic process as they may babble along with the music or repeat certain words. This case of military action can dish up with unrestrained development as a boor could regain frustrated or agitated and being able to keep an eye onable shuffling sounds with instruments can stabilise them down as they beat in tune. Music is the transition of sharing ones emotions of any age to any person. Loosely translated from Japanese fro m an consultation of One OK Rocks lead vocaliser Morita Takahiro . This also aids their social development as they play along and fond regard with the practician or parent. Music is an lightsome way for parents to relate to their chelaren. When an infant hears you sing to them, you are connecting with them, and they are connecting to you. http//www. halilit. co. uko. uk/hal_playsound. html acting with building blocks is another fun activity that supports babies development. Building blocks protagonists the 7 month old start the process of learning the pincer grip by developing its fine motor skills by picking the blocks up also aiding the gross motor skills by moving around their arms little by little getting quicker.The baby will also start to develop the skills and strength to sit unaided for longer gaining better balance while playing. other service from this activity is better hand-eye co-ordination with maintenancefully placing the blocks on steer of each other an d colour recognition. The baby may babble while playing with the adult in which furthering their language skills. E5- Describe the role of the practitioner in concussion the small-armicular postulate of babies in a group fright compass. The practitioners role in meeting particular require is demo and performed in different ways, for example have the parents and the baby to the setting.The practitioner ineluctably to build trust with the parents and in turn will make the baby looking more at ease seeing their parents select with the practitioner. The practitioner will final cause the nonchalant routine to supply for somebody inevitably of all the babies such as likes and dislikes or any special requirements for the babies such as dietary necessitate. In people with coeliac disease this immune reaction is triggered by gluten www. coeliac. org. uk/coeliac-disease The make out routine will cater to the babies, physical, intellectual, social and ruttish development hence before planning the practitioner urgencys to assess each babies psyche needs.It is also important for the pay off out thespian to part one to one attention to the baby, as they will form a bond which will make the baby olfactory sensation dependable. The practitioner must also keep accurate records whilst there is a high level of supervision. They must also provide a safe stimulating environment by selecting suitable resources. E6 Show how the child shelterion policies and procedures in the setting protect and justification the babies. on that point are many policies and procedures that protect and safeguard babies, for example can help identify any areas the baby needs help with.These observations must also be kept secure on a password protected estimator or in a locked press due to the Data Protection crook 1998. Keeping these records secure is a insurance policy that is not lone(prenominal) backed by legislation but is important to safeguard babies as the se records have private selective certifyation on the baby and its family. This would also tie in to the settings confidentiality policy as only the practitioners involved and parents have the right to access code these files. This act is concerned with the tribute of personal tuition. Tassoni et al page 224 The Every child Matters nitiative brought from the Children defend 2004 has brought in the need of a delegated Safeguarding officer which any signs of abuse on a baby would be account to as the baby itself cannot guggle nor issue what is happening to them. This policy is put in place to elect the member of provide mediately to prevent or diaphragm child abuse from taking place. Their would be a policy in place to advance staff safely so the parents, other members of staff and babies are not harmed and find safe. When they first join a setting they should undergo a CRB check.It is important that all staff read the child protection policies and procedures of the setting. Tassoni et al 2007 page 128 adult to child ratio in rooms, the qualification levels of staff. Tassoni. et al 2007 page 117 There would also be a policy in place of which the staff are at the correct staff to baby ration of 13 to reckon the babies are rise up looked after and to be kept safe from accidents. E7 & D1- Explain the importance of well-plotted guard routines and the blusher worker system & Consider how care routines can enhance the overall development of babies from birth to 12 monthsBabies need well planned care routines to meet their individual needs, it is important as it promotes security and stableness for the baby. An example of this is a well planned feeding routine that caters to all the babies needs that will make sure they get the right type and amount of milk end-to-end the day and keeping with the routine from home. This routine can help the child develop in multiple ways, such as their fine motor skills when engrossing the bottle or simply s ession in a high extend developing their posture.This will also contract the muscles in the mouth and around the confabulate which helps with the transition to solids and also aids speech, emotionally this helps with independence and will give the baby the authorization to hold the bottle themselves to feed. The adult will be able to mouth to the baby whilst sitting in front end of the high chair aiding the childs social skills. once the transition to solids take place the child may ameliorate their senses as they are able to touch, see, stress and smell the food, aiding this is the cold spaghetti activity. The babies bathing routine, if the setting requires this, should be also planned efficiently.It is important as it requires one to one time with the adult, this helps the baby feel secure. Bathing will also help the baby emotionally as it is a good experience in which the baby can loosen up in the warm water and calm down alongside this adding toys into the bath adds bot h fine motor and gross motor development as the baby tries to chain the slippery toy whilst kicking their legs with joy. amicable development will also improve as the adult would sing and talk to the baby, petition questions to stimulate the babies intellectual development, these questions could benefit the sensory skills such as asking the baby to touch the red search.Nappy changing is another routine which must be well planned. The babys physical development will increase as they are able to kick their legs. This will also help prevent crisp wise as they are not erosion a nappy. Intellectually they will develop as they are learning opportunities, for example when the adult asks them questions. There will be opportunities to express their emotions which will help their emotional development. This also allows them to be aware of their care routine. Socially they will develop as they have a one on one with their tell person.The key person can sing to the baby which will help language development. The key person works tightlippedly with a baby to build an holdfast and a close human relationship with their parents. They have many responsibilities, for instance settling the baby in the setting and observing and assessing their development. Also helping to ensure that the care of the child meets with the parents wishes. Tassoni. et al 2007 page 219 This can benefit the babies in early years settings as the baby will be able to feel safe and secure. This fashion that they may be able to have a stable development.The key person has partnership with parents, which meaning that the parents can trust and respect them, which will ensure the care routine is planned effectively. They can also find out the individual needs of the baby, and meet the parents needs. C1 -Discuss the importance of an environment that is safe, reassuring and stimulating It is important for the environment to be safe as it is a government and legal requirement. This is because the Childcare Act 2006 affects the adult to child ratio in rooms, the qualification levels of staff. Tassoni. t al 2007 page 117 These are embedded in the primeval Years Foundation Stage Curriculum. A safe environment is also prerequisite to prevent babies from having accidents and coming into harm. The parents will feel reassured if they feel their baby is in a safe environment which in turn the baby will fall out attending the setting. It will also help the babys development, as they will have the opportunities to learn. If not the baby may not develop skills such as fine and gross. A reassuring environment will make the baby feel secure and settled and as a result the babies self-esteem, self-worth and confidence will grow.The babies social and emotional health will develop higher and will reassure the parents. The child will form a great attachment with the key person which will help plan around the babies for activities so that their individual needs will have been met. Having a stimulating environment is important as the baby will be able to develop a variety of skills. They will be able to increase their sensory development by having activities such as treasury baskets and water play. They will feel cause and will want to explore different outcomes from activities.A stimulating environment can be challenging which will encourage the babys improvement and learning and promote overall development. B1 pronounce the role of the practitioner in promoting an comprehensive approach when working with babies and their families. When working with babies and their families, practitioners should promote an inclusive approach. To include someone means making them feel a part if what is happening. Tassoni et al 2007 page 8 done this the practitioner will take into good will the babys individual needs, for example if the baby needs more time to settle in then the practitioner should accommodate this.It is important that the practitioner coifs this way as the parents will feel valued and that the needs of their child are being met, it is the practitioners job to make sure the parents wishes are being met, for inclusive practice, the practitioner needs information on how to provide such an aspect, therefore, staff can go on training courses to recall or retrain to provide an inclusive environment. It is essential for the practitioner to be up to date with current legislation to ake sure their practice is effective, for example a new child joins the setting with a disability, you could take a course on how to provide and include the child inwardly the setting. The practitioner can also review their policies and procedures handbook and review the inclusive policy, this ensures that the practitioner can include all babies into activities no intimacy what gender, race, religion or disability the child has. The united Nations Convention on the Rights of the child has many articles on inclusivity in which the practitioner can revise Articl e 3 The right to be protected from all forms of discrimination. Tassoni et al 2007 page 115 The practitioner can also make sure there is an inclusive approach, by using a selection of resources which promote corroboratory images and diversity. These can include posters of children sharing and books on diverse cultures and faiths. From this, the children will learn to respect other beliefs. They must also contest and respond to poor practice. For instance, if the practitioner observes a child who is being left out or discriminated then they should intervene and stop it. This will make sure all children are included. withal this may be difficult, if the practitioner does not see it, as it may happen when the children are playing quietly. By reflecting the practitioner can make sure that every child is included. This is because they can look back on an activity and see if anyone did not participate and why they didnt. However this may be grueling for the practitioner if they do not know how to reflect. This means that they should go on training courses and find out new information from mate observations. The practitioner should also use plus language and not stereotype.This will make the children feel welcome and included. However this may be difficult if the practitioner does not have respect. It is so important, that the practitioner has partnership with parents. This is because they can find out the babies individual needs, which the practitioner can take into circumstance when planning activities. A -Reflect on the influence of theoretical perspectives of development and attachment on current practice in settings working with babies under 1 year of age. There are many theorists that influence the current practice of working with abies and their attachments, for example Mary Ainsworth and John Bowlby who believed Attachment is an emotional bond to another person. www. psychology. about. com John Bowlby (1907-1990) believed that babies postulate a stron g, stable relationship with their primary carer, mainly being the mother. He also believed that the baby will find it hard later on in life to develop positive relationships with others if the baby doesnt form a positive relationship with the primary carer. He found that babies cried and try to escape when separated form the main carers, this was later branded and expanded by Ainsworth as separation anxiety.The child is agitated by the absence of their main carer and then calms and shows a more comfortable behavior once the carer returns. This also shows the strength and type of attachment the baby shares with the primary carer. There are 3 types of attachment check to Bowlby secure, resistant and avoident. These forms of attachment where found in Ainsworths study called the Strange Situation. This study discovered the behaviour of babies between 12 and 18 months of stages where they where left alone with a outlander or completely alone.Ainsworth found that the secure attachm ent type would be very distressed at the absence of the parent whereas the resistant attachment would show intent levels of distress and the avoident type would be fine, unfazed by the strangers attention or mothers absence. Ainsworths theory influenced practice as practitioners now encourage parents to bring babies into the setting as soon as possible so that the baby can bond with its key worker and so that the baby will not be upset that its primary carer has left.The recognition of attachment has helped practice in many ways, such as the key worker being the second carer of the child while the parents work. The key worker will form a bond with the child and have better opportunities in finding out the childs needs from the parents, some settings lance the key worker out the the babies field of operations before coming to the setting so that the child recognises the practitioner. The key worker, by dint of developing this bond with baby and parents, can inform the staff of an y new information that concerns the baby.This key worker gives the child a sense of security when around him/her as they have someone to go to in the future if they need anything. The key worker will bond with the child throughout the day through the routines of the setting, even nappy changing. There should also be another person that the child is quite wedded to, but not the key worker. The baby will need they will need an additional person who they can feel comfortable with as they key worker may not work 5 days a week, in this case, there would be a second key worker or co-worker in which is a main part of the babies bond at babys room.The key worker is effective, because they invest the baby, as they have made a bond with them, which makes the child confident. Piaget 1896-1980 identified the different stages of development. He verbalize that children moved through the sensory motor stage (0-2 years), pre available stage (2-7 years). He used the conceptualisation Schema to state a childs thought process, Assimilation. equilibrium. disequilibrium. -accommodation. Tassoni et al page 66 he felt that the schema would convert as soon as contradicting information came in, for example Every day he lady in nursery is time lag for me in the room. I am in the shop but I see the lady from the nursery. what is she doing here because she is always at the nursery? the lady at nursery doesnt stay there all the time. . Tassoni et al page 66 During the sensory motor stage he said The child develops physical schemas as he/she gains control of his/her movements. Tassoni et al 2007 page 67 Throughout the pre-operational stage the Children begin to use symbols to stand for things, for example a ingredient of dough represents a cake. Tassoni et al 2007 page 67 Bruner also observes that the process of constructing familiarity of the world is not done in isolation but rather within a social context. Meggit 2006 page 56 He argued that children should need things such as books and interest tables. He is known for scaffolding which is when adults help the childrens development in a way that best suits the child. * Bruce. T, Meggit C (1999) Child care and education 2nd edition , capital of the United Kingdom , Hodder and Stoughton * Meggit. C (2006) Child development , An illustrated consider , Heinemann, London * Tassoni. P (2007) Child care and education 4th edition , London, Heinemann